Kenneth Blum, Kai Uwe-Lewandrowski, Richard Green, Morgan P. Lorio, Alireza Sharafshah, Kavya Mohankumar, Sergio Luis Schmidt, Rossano Kepler Alvim Fiorelli, Frank Forari, Igor Elman, Mark S. Gold, Panayotis K. Thanos, Albert Pinhasov, Abdalla Bowirrat, David Baron, Edward J. Modestino, Brian Fuehrlein, Jag Khalsa, Keerthy Sunder, Marco Lindenau, Anand Swaroop, Debasis Bagchi, Álvaro Dowling, Rafaela Dowling, João Bergamaschi, Margaret A. Madigan and Rajendra D. Badgaiyan

Reward Deficiency Syndrome (RDS) is a neurogenetically influenced phenotype marked by impaired dopaminergic signaling and mesocorticolimbic reward-circuit dysfunction, leading to reduced reward sensitivity, motivational anhedonia, heightened stress reactivity, and increased vulnerability to compulsive, impulsive, and addictive behaviors.